The Duke of Norfolk moved 100 men to the Thames Estuary to block forces from Kent and Essex joining. He was confronted by a group of supporters of the king, and fled to Brittany. September 4, 2018 kyra 8 Comments Henry Stafford was born on 4 September 1454, the only son of Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Stafford and Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Stafford, (a cousin of Margaret Beaufort, Henry Tudor 's mother). His eldest son and namesake had trained for his role as king for the past ten years in the marches of Ludlow, while the nine-year-old Prince Richard was already a widower and preparing to be a mighty lord. The heir was only 12 years old, and a child king was likely to be influenced heavily by those closest to him. Perhaps to ensure no more pretenders rose up against him, Henry VII extracted and disseminated a confession from condemned traitor Sir James Tyrrell that he had murdered the princes on Richards orders. Richard, now Lord Protector, dispatched urgent messages to his supporters in the north summoning weapons and soldiers to his aid. In fact, this probably referred to Richard IIIs illegitimate son John. His widow, Catherine Woodville, later married Jasper Tudor, the uncle of Henry Tudor, who was in the process of organising another rebellion. Two small human skeletons were found at the Tower of London in 1674, but there is no conclusive evidence that these were the princes, despite a perfunctory examination in 1933 concluding that the. of the MS. Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester, "Stafford, Henry, second duke of Buckingham", "Stafford, Henry, second Duke of Buckingham (1454?1483)", "Church of St Peter and attached Radnor Mausoleum (1023791)", Buckingham, Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of (14541483), Listed among other members of the Stafford family, with their genealogies clarified, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Stafford,_2nd_Duke_of_Buckingham&oldid=1160371400, This page was last edited on 16 June 2023, at 02:31. John Felton was waiting for him. But for such testing to occur, the remains in Westminster would have to be once again disturbed. However, Richard III was never formally accused of the murders. [citation needed], The authorities were convinced Felton had not acted alone and were anxious to get from him the names of any accomplices. It does often take many years to build a narrative. Such belief would fuel a rebellion against his rule in October 1483. Read our affiliate link policy. Historic Portsmouth house where duke was killed is yours for - The News Ad Choices, The Print Collector/Print Collector/Getty Images. Felton is entrusted by de Winter to guard Milady de Winter, the widow of his brother and a French spy. Ars Technica: What drew you to investigate this particular historical mystery? Felton had taken part in the ill fated Cadiz and Isle de Rhe vetures, had been injured, was owed wages, had been overlooked for promotion by Buckingham and was a very melancholy figure. He had come across a copy of the 1628 Parliaments Remonstrance against the Duke and had come to believe that the country would be better off if Buckingham was dead and so he decided to murder the Duke and put his sufferings and that of the nation to rest once and for all. Rumors began circulating almost immediately that the princes had been murdered by order of Richard III. In 1483, two young Plantagenet princes the uncrowned king Edward V and his brother Richard, Duke of York vanished from the Tower of London, never to be seen again. Two more bodies that may have been the princes were found in 1789 at Saint George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. This would secure the sea-approaches to the city of La Rochelle and encourage the French Huguenot population of the city to rebel against the French crown. They attacked Buckingham for his foreign policy which was openly criticised as incompetent. This examination conclusively identified the remains as being the Princes in the Tower, but its findings are now rejected by many, not least because no attempt was made to establish if the two sets of bones were related to each other. There is ample corroborating evidence to suggest that, for example, Miles Forest was responsible for their custody in the tower. [14], The Duke's assassination features in Philippa Gregory's novel Earthly Joys (1998). The King has celebrated the "best of British businesses" at a prestigious Buckingham Palace awards dinner. Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham - Wikipedia But it does not match the chronicles claim that the princes had been kept within the kings lodging at the Tower. George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham KG 28 August 1592 - 23 August 1628 was the favourite, claimed by some to be the lover, of King James I of England. Previous high-status inmates were incarcerated further inside. Their attendants had been removed from them in June, he recalled, and the princes themselves had withdrawn into the inner apartments of the Tower proper, and day by day began to be seen more rarely behind the bars and windows, until at length they ceased to appear altogether.. There is even mention of one of them in More's correspondence to Cardinal Thomas Wolsey. What struck me was the degree to which there were connections between those two men and More himself. Rebels took arms against the king, who had assumed power from Edward V in June of that year. After 1485 in particular, I think in the popular mind, there is no question that people believed Richard was responsible in a rather general way for the death of the princes. The confession in 1502 was reported by contemporaries, most nenduringly by Thomas More. The two princes were reunited in the Tower. I think there's been a rather glib solution that Henry came to the throne and launched a full-blown detailed propaganda effort to destroy Richard's reputation, and to do so on the basis of a minutely detailed account of what had happened in the period up to August 1485, when theBattle of Bosworth Fieldtook place. The only son of Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Stafford and Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Stafford, Buckingham became Earl of Stafford in 1458 upon his father's death, and was made a ward of King Edward IV. He defeated and killed Richard during the battle of Bosworth Field on 22 August and subsequently became king of England under the name of Henry VII. Alvaro Lopes de Chaves (ref: Alvaro Lopes de Chaves, Livro de Apontamentos (14381489), (Codice 443 da Coleco Pombalina da B.N.L. Buckingham's rebellion - Wikipedia The grisly discovery was made on Friday 17 July 1674, while building work was being carried out at the Tower of London. Even then, the findings were far from satisfactory. [3][4], Buckingham's precise motivation has been called "obscure"; he had been treated well by Richard. Duke of Buckingham in Richard III | Shmoop [9], A document dated some decades after the disappearance was found within the archives of the College of Arms in London in 1980; this stated that the murder "be the vise of the Duke of Buckingham". Felton was hung from the gallows at Tyburn, his body brought to Portsmouth, where, it was left to rot, hanging in the chains he had been brought to the gallows in. The princes were not the first royal claimants to enter the Tower of London never to emerge alive. Medieval misgovernment In 1376, the so-called "Good Parliament" was opened by its speaker launching an attack on the royal court's corruption and calling for close scrutiny of the royal financial. Lauren Johnson picks through the clues of this most enduring of mysteries for BBC History Revealed. All was in shambles. Two small human skeletons were found at the Tower of London in 1674, but there is no conclusive evidence that these were the princes, despite a perfunctory examination in 1933 concluding that the remains were those of children roughly the same ages. (iStock) Ordinarily, the wedding of a junior member of the British royal family. Although his mother, brother and sister lived in the city, he did not stay with them but lived in a lodging house. Despite attempts by monarchs and writers either to silence the enigma of the princes, or spin the tale of their disappearance for their own ends, the mystery endures. Then in 1674, the mystery of the princes disappearance finally seemed resolved. In Sharon Kay Penman's 1982 debut novel The Sunne in Splendour, Buckingham is depicted as the murderer of the Princes in the Tower. And so it was in August 1628, protected by the King but hated by Parliament and the people, that Buckingham went confidently to Portsmouth to see off another of his expeditions. As they question each other she puts on a faade of sorrow and broken innocence, even pretending to be a Puritan like Felton, and inventing a story of being drugged and raped by the duke. Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, KG (4 September 1455 [1] - 2 November 1483) was an English nobleman known as the namesake of Buckingham's rebellion, a failed but significant collection of uprisings in England and parts of Wales against Richard III of England in October 1483. His murderer was a young military lieutenant John Felton, who believed that Buckingham, through hisincompetent tactics,had caused him and the country such suffering, that murder was the only recourse. Many were killed and wounded and those that returned failed to be paid. Some, notably Paul Murray Kendall,[7] regard Buckingham as the likeliest suspect: his execution, after he had rebelled against Richard in October 1483, might signify that he and the king had fallen out; Alison Weir takes this as a sign that Richard had murdered the princes without Buckingham's knowledge and Buckingham had been shocked by it. Victims of Henry VIII: Edward Stafford - Tudors Dynasty Charles gave him command of the military expedition against Spain in 1625. That rebellion failed, but Richard III was unable to shake the dark legacy of the coup that brought him to power. Charles and Parliament fell out nearly from the start of his reign.Parliament attacked the religious policies of Charles, his religious stance was pro Catholic and he was keen to relax the penal laws against Catholics.This filled Parliament with horror. But the spectre of Prince Richard arose again in late 1491, and this time, the threat was to endure. Who Killed James I? | History Today [2], Buckingham was executed for treason by Richard on 2 November 1483:[2] he was beheaded in the courtyard between the Blue Boar Inn and the Saracen's Head Inn (both demolished in the 18th century) in Salisbury market-place. Ars sat down with Thornton to learn more. [3] The writer Owen Feltham described Felton as a second Brutus. It is possible that they planned to depose Richard III and place Edward V back on the throne, and that when rumours arose that Edward and his brother were dead, Buckingham proposed that Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond should return from exile, take the throne and marry Elizabeth of York, elder sister of the Tower Princes. Chapter 12 Quotes Yes, but you know why I'm seeing you, Duke: I'm seeing you out of pity; I'm seeing you because you've stubbornly insisted on remaining in a city where you're risking your life and making me risk my honor; I'm seeing you to tell you that everything separates us: the depths of the sea, the enmity of kingdoms, the sanctity of vows. Milady's master Cardinal Richelieu has ordered her to have Buckingham murdered so that he will not aid the Huguenot cause in the city of La Rochelle. Many of Richard III's defenders have dismissed More's account as mere Tudor propaganda, given More's clear Tudor loyalties; his account was also written many years after the disappearance of the princes. Early Career Between 1623 and 1627, Buckingham was given a free hand by Charles to improve the effectiveness of the Navy, a national asset which had been neglected since the death of Elizabeth I. More specifically identifies the culprit as James Tyrell, an English knight who fought for the House of York and confessed under torture to the murders on the king's orders. Coat of Arms of Sir Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, KG. Both of them have that strong connection back to Barnard Castle and to other lordships in the North of England, principally Midland, which is so known for its links to Richard himself. On 30 April 1483, at Stony Stratford, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, and his ally the Duke of Buckingham had Anthony Woodville arrested and took possession of the young king. The plan was for forces to assemble at Maidstone, Guildford and Essex and march on London in a feint. Although, he did wait for nearly three months to pass from his coronation, lest he be considered king by dint of his wife. He improved, enlarged and repaired docks and storehouses in the dockyards. So where do you go from here? Henrys enemies took advantage of this situation. She was a granddaughter of John Beaufort, who was the second oldest son of John of Gaunt, the third son of Edward III. So far, both Westminster Abbey and Buckingham Palace have refused permission. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. "Libel in Action: Ritual, Subversion and the English Literary Underground, 16031642" in Tim Harris, This page was last edited on 22 June 2023, at 03:49. So what was the outcome of this murder committed in Portsmouth? C. S. L. Davies, "Stafford, Henry, second duke of Buckingham (14551483)", Robert Willoughby, 1st Baron Willoughby de Broke, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buckingham%27s_rebellion&oldid=1148514911, Joined Richmond in Brittany. The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Cond Nast. Felton then served as a lieutenant in Ireland in 1626, during which time his commanding officer died and Felton tried, but failed, to be appointed as his replacement. [7] The number of surviving copies of this work suggest it was widely circulated. His sister recalled that, since his return from R, Felton had been "much troubled by dreams of fighting". Tim Thornton: This is one of the fascinating areas of recent exploration in our understanding of Henry VII's reign in particular. Thomas died around 1611, while he was imprisoned in the Fleet Prison for debt although his widow was later able to secure a 100 per annum pension from the crown. Buckingham was assassinated in 1628. While he was awaiting trial, it was celebrated in poems and pamphlets. This is a man who was a proteg of [Archbishop of Canterbury] John Morton. Buckingham had signed treaties with Denmark and Holland for English involvement in the Danish phase of the Thirty Year War,where 8,000 men out of 12,000 died on board their ships without even landing in the Netherlands. Richard acted fast. He missed a chance of escape in the ensuing chaos and, shortly after the murder, he presented himself before the crowd that had gathered and, expecting to be well received, announced his guilt. Career In October 1483 Stafford's father was central in Buckingham's rebellion against King Richard III. io6r. If he happened to notice the infantry man standing with him that morning he would have taken no notice, for the port was full of such men waiting to set sail on a another misguided expedition to France. [12][15] While Jeremy Potter suggested that Richard would have kept silent had Buckingham been guilty because nobody would have believed Richard was not party to the crime,[16] he further notes that "Historians are agreed that Buckingham would never have dared to act without Richard's complicity or, at least, connivance". However these punishments were remitted after his father and Archbishop Laud appealed to King Charles I. Henry, in exile in Brittany, enjoyed the support of the Breton treasurer Pierre Landais, who hoped Buckingham's victory would cement an alliance between Brittany and England. However, for two reasons he is unlikely to have acted alone. The following day, Richard III began his reign, and he was crowned on the 6 July 1483. Henry VII certainly had no desire to foster the notion that royal rivals could still be alive, and if their remains were discovered during his reign, he would have been equally reluctant to remind his subjects of his own dynastically weak royal claim by publicly commemorating the princes. Knight, and other eyewitnesses who handled the broken bones, quickly came to the conclusion that these had to be none other than the remains of the long-lost Princes in the Tower. Even today, Richard remains the most likely culprit, based on various accounts written in the ensuing years, including the only contemporary account (penned by an Italian friar named Dominic Mancini); theCroyland Chronicle;an account by French politicianPhilippe de Commines; Thomas More's The History of King Richard III; and Holinshed's Chroniclesthe latter written in the late 16th century, and one of Shakespeare's primary sources for his play. Edward had a brother who was called Miles. On the 25 June, an assembly of Lords and commoners endorsed the claims. Buckingham was, to all intent and purposes, the Kings prime minister. Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham - Wikipedia 246247. A handsome and charismatic ruler, Edward IV of the House of York had seized the throne during the Wars of the Roses, but spent much of his 22-year reign struggling to establish his rule. In both reports, the room was then mured up again so as not to revive the memory of the princes deaths. His mother, Elanor, was the daughter of William Wight, the one-time mayor of Durham. Most recently, in 1977, archaeologists discovered a young male skeleton in the southeast corner of the inmost ward of the Tower, on the site of the medieval palace. However, contemporary reports state Townly fled to Holland after it became known he was the author. While pulling down a ruined building beside the White Tower, the workmen digging down some stairs found a wooden chest containing the bodies of two children, estimated to be around 11 and 13 years old. This resulted in a decisive Spanish victory, with 7,000 English troops and 62 out of 105 ships lost. Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham - English Monarchs King Charles I had been staying at the Inn just a few days before, having granted Villiers leave to engage in this action. George Villiers, 1st duke of Buckingham - Britannica Another version of the story described a chamber in which upon a bed two little carcasses were found with two halters around their necks. George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, KG (/ v l r z /; 28 August 1592 - 23 August 1628), was an English courtier, statesman, and patron of the arts. of Buckingham and Felton, while illuminating, is less persuasive.4 Holstun's work nevertheless has rightly emphasized the importance of Buckingham's assassination. That summer, an Italian cleric named Dominic Mancini was visiting London. Henry could have produced the boys bodies from the Tower and taken them for honourable burial, or revealed that they still lived. Murder of Duke of Buckingham - Hampshire History He was executed for treason by Henry VIII in 1521. 10.1111/1468-229X.13100 (About DOIs). He served in the Cdiz Expedition of 1625, an attempt to capture the Spanish city of Cadiz that was backed by Buckingham. Henry would lead an army of 3,500, provided by the treasurer of Brittany Pierre Landais. Before he was executed, Tyrell also implicated two accomplices. Nonetheless, by the time he died on 9 April 1483, he appeared to have restored a measure of stability. Tim Thornton: There's no question. On 6 July 1483, his uncle was crowned King Richard III. But there was no detailed attempt to explain what had happened to the princes. The English statesman George Villiers, 2d Duke of Buckingham (1628-1687), was influential in Restoration England. The young princes were not seen in public after August, and accusations circulated that the boys had been murdered on Richard's orders, giving rise to the legend of the Princes in the Tower. So we're actually dealing with direct connections between the people that he lived with and the people who were at the very heart of the coup, and of the killing, that took place in 1483. [3], The family's fortunes declined when Thomas' lucrative position was given to Henry Spiller in 1602. WIRED Media Group He armed himself with a cheap knife and entered the Greyhound Inn, he picked out his victim and plunged the knife deeply into the heart of the Duke, killing him instantly. Then at a chaotic meeting of the royal council on 13 June, Richard levelled accusations of treason against those he said were conspiring against him, which were followed by a spate of arrests and the summary beheading of the late kings chamberlain, William Lord Hastings. Henry avoided, quite deliberately, any presentation of the specifics of what occurred before he seized the throne. Later, More claimed, a priest connected to the Constable of the Tower dug up and reburied them in an unknown location. [3] Those who encountered him during this time later described him as being taciturn and melancholic. Felton appears briefly in the first film as a Puritan servant of the duke of Buckingham[13] (Lord de Winter does not appear in the films). For them, in a way, the story ends in July 1483. [3] In a miscalculation by authorities, his body was sent back to Portsmouth for exhibition where, rather than becoming a lesson in disgrace, it was made an object of veneration. [18], Buckingham is among the major characters featured in William Shakespeare's play Richard III, which portrays him as a man openly allying with Richard III in his schemes until he is ordered to kill the Princes in the Tower. Forensic science has progressed to the point where radio carbon dating could determine a probable date of death for the skeletons, and mitochondrial DNA could resolve the question of their identity. His father, Thomas Felton, prospered as a pursuivant, one appointed to the task of hunting down those who refused to attend Anglican church services. [3], In military terms it was a complete failure. There were no such morbid memorial parades for the two young princes in the Tower. Your California Privacy Rights | Do Not Sell My Personal Information Now, a British historian has compiled additional evidence of that guilt, described ina recent paper published in the journal History. The English evacuated soon after, losing 5,000 out of 7,000 troops during the campaign. But over the next ten years he was pushed out of the center of power more and more. An enigma at the heart of British history: who killed the Princes in the Tower, Edward V and Richard Duke of York? For the English Catholic martyr, see, Felton in Prison, illustration from 'Cassell's illustrated history of England, Thomas Cogswell, "John Felton, popular political culture, and the assassination of the duke of Buckingham. Army career Nothing is known of John Felton's life until the mid-1620s, when he was an army officer. As early as 1487, an Oxfordshire teenager named Lambert Simnel was briefly put forward masquerading as Prince Richard, before instead claiming to be the Yorkist Earl of Warwick. As Richard III's ally, the plausibility of Buckingham as a suspect depends on the princes having already been dead by the time Stafford was executed in November 1483. Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, KG (4 September 1455[1] 2 November 1483) was an English nobleman known as the namesake of Buckingham's rebellion, a failed but significant collection of uprisings in England and parts of Wales against Richard III of England in October 1483. It was a total fiasco with many dying from disease and starvation. In his History of King Richard III, he went further, claiming that to hide evidence of the crime, the murderer buried the princes at the foot of a staircase, deep in the ground under a great heap of stones. It is possible the princes have still not been found. There is ample corroborating evidence to suggest that Miles Forest came from Barnard Castle, off in County Durham, where he was previously a servant of Richard, as Duke of Gloucester, prior to his seizure of the throne. Although this level of forensic testing has never been applied to the remains discovered in 1674, they were examined in 1933 by an archivist, an anatomist and the president of the British Dental Association. [8] A contemporary Portuguese document suggests Buckingham as the guilty party, stating, and after the passing away of king Edward in the year of 83, another one of his brothers, the Duke of Gloucester, had in his power the Prince of Wales and the Duke of York, the young sons of the said king his brother, and turned them to the Duke of Buckingham, under whose custody the said Princes were starved to death. The history of the Tower of London is long and filled with gruesome details, but only one of the outer towers has become known as the Bloody Tower the one associated with the princes. He became the Duke of Buckingham at age 4 in 1460 following the death of his grandfather, Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham at the Battle of Northampton. The Wars of the Roses The Wars of the Roses (1455-85) were a series of civil wars, with two rival branches of the Plantagenet family fighting over the throne of England. But he was a Tudor loyalist, and that bias is always an issue when assessing the various historical accounts. Those connections are quite remarkable in the way that they coincide with the period when More was conceiving the ideas in the History of Richard III. The second film portrays his gradual seduction by Milady at some length, and then his assassination of Buckingham, carried out under her influence. Also at the event were the Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh, the Duke and Duchess of . An advocate of religious toleration, he was also known as a rake and as the author of lewd poetry and prose. [6] Buckingham's assassination by Felton was widely celebrated by members of the public in England, even after his execution. View history Tools Buckingham's rebellion was a failed but significant uprising, or collection of uprisings, of October 1483 in England and parts of Wales against Richard III of England . Collections Online | British Museum Felton was. A gateway like the Bloody Tower, with its heavy through-traffic, hardly seems ideal for such highly sensitive political prisoners. This appears to match the report of a contemporary London chronicle that the princes were seen shooting and playing in the garden during their imprisonment. The Bishop of Exeter would lead a revolt in Devon. Hampshire History is a voluntary project and is entirely self-funded by the founders who share their interest and share their discoveries about the history of this historic county as time and life permits. (It's a great read, but it hardly qualifies as a scholarly argument.). Vol. Moving from Gentleman of the Bedchamber in 1615 to Marquess by 1619. He had no success in resolving these grievances and came to believe the Duke of Buckingham was responsible for both of them. But it's Thomas More's account that provides this latest evidence in favor of Richard III having ordered the princes killed, according to Tim Thornton, a historian at theUniversity of Huddersfield. Bennett noted in support of this theory: "After the King's departure Buckingham was in effective command in the capital, and it is known that when the two men met a month later there was an unholy row between them. View history Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, 6th Earl of Stafford, 7th Baron Stafford, KG (December 1402 - 10 July 1460) of Stafford Castle in Staffordshire, was an English nobleman and a military commander in the Hundred Years' War and the Wars of the Roses. These stories were interwoven to dramatic effect by William Shakespeare at the end of the Tudor period, forging a lasting narrative of Richard III as a callous murderer of children. Felton's assassination of the Duke was fictionalised in Alexandre Dumas, pre's The Three Musketeers (1844) and features in several film adaptations of the novel. In More's case, I was trying to view his account as a great work of literature and of political thought and also as an attempt to create a narrative and a way of understanding a period of political crisis.
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