This variable is based on the stated aspirations of the parties, originating in the coding of the original claims of the parties in conflict. We also illustrate the utility of the data. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(5), 501508. (2018). Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 8(4), 341351. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions. Yet, her data are limited to armed conflicts with the highest level of battle deaths, that is, more than 1,000 per year, which represents a minority of all armed conflicts. pervasive. At The article presents the major features of the data set and describes patterns and trends that shed new light on religious conflicts, for example, by demonstrating that conflicts over Islamist claims have become more prevalent. In K. I. Pargament, J. J. Exline, & J. W. Jones (Eds. 2010. Zrich: Theologischer Verlag Zrich. intensely so now. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. At the same time, religious conflict may be used as a front for a hidden political agenda. Correspondence to For example, Toft and Zhukov (2015, 22425) argue that some Islamist groups, due to the scope of their Salafi-Jihadi goals and support structuresboth transcending state boundariesare less sensitive to coercion and have greater incentives to escalate violence than nationalist groups. Because the founders had the foresight to know In R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds. FOIA (2002). However, if it does not, the employer may be able to avoid liability or limit . We now turn to the geographical distribution of the conflicts fought over religious incompatibilities (see Figure 2). 2009. A., Grubbs, J. Young men at Tabalia in Solomon Islands, home of the Melanesian Brotherhood Based on previous studies, we can expect some differences across different types of claims. There is important variation within the category of Islamist conflicts. In addition, we wish to thank Monica Toft and the other participants at the Working Group Conference, Defining and Analyzing Jihadist Conflict, Uppsala, September 58, 2016, for very valuable comments and insights on an earlier draft of this article. Ultimately we have to work with societies as they In this article we will talk about three main types of ethical conflicts in business or workplace: Culture refers to the shared ideas and meanings about what life is and what life should be and sets, Standards for perceiving, believing, evaluating and acting. First, conflicts in which parties come from the same religious traditions and where there is a religious incompatibility have increased over time. Religious identity conflicts 19752015: Number of conflict dyads per year. Stressful life events and religiousness predict struggles about religion and spirituality. Religious Discrimination in the Workplace:Everything to Know - UpCounsel On a final note, the RELAC project represents an attempt to bring ideational factors, albeit limited to only religious claims, into the analysis of armed conflicts. , Non-state Actors in Civil Wars: A New Dataset, Fish M. Steven, Jensenius Francesca R., Michel Katherine E. incentive to raise the alarm in case it reflects on their competency. 2016. Step 5: Train Managers and Supervisors. How is religious freedom protected in South Africa? In contrast to expectations, we find no significant effect for either transnational Islamist or separatist Islamist claims, whereas the results show that conflicts over revolutionary Islamist claims are significantly more likely to manifest themselves as high-intensity conflicts rather than minor armed conflicts (see models 24, Table 2). Stuttgart: Kohlhammer. For example, the number of government-rebel dyads fighting over religious issues increased from 25 in 2013 to 32 in 2015. By utilizing the self-proclaimed aspirations of the parties, we circumvent making any detached scholarly judgment that may have little bearing in reality. Religious conflict is caused by intolerance against another's religious beliefs or practices. factors come to the foreground. Furthermore, we avoid problems of postrationalization by going back to the originally stated positions. They look for indicators of violence like irregular Posted by Merritt Herald | Sep 11, 2014 | Lifestyles | 0. At that time and even now, questions were raised about the role of religion as a source of conflict, ultimately leading to terrorism. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. Combinations of religious dimensions of armed conflicts, 19752015. 136154). Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 37, 710724. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 54(4), 631648. This raises the question if certain types of Islamist rebel groups, that is, those with goals transcending state boundaries (e.g., Al-Qaida and IS), are more likely to engage in high-intensity armed conflicts than other actors. Gttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Religion has become, sadly, in the modern age or post-modern age, the root . Religious Controversies on Many Fronts in the U.S. The challenge by MEK against the theocratic regime of Iran is an example of this type of conflict. and email, and use it to provide real time information and lay the groundwork 2015. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the are helping to tip the balance in favour of non-violent responses when crises Stereotypes are often pejorative (for example Italians always run late), and they can lead to distorted expectations about your counterpart's behavior as well as potentially costly misinterpretations. For example, MILF in the Philippines and the IS both took up arms in the name of religion, but they have clearly very different ideological bases. To illustrate, by combining our disaggregated data on religious claims with the SVAC data, scholars can explore if rebel groups fighting over a certain type of religious issue are more or less likely to commit sexual violence. involved in working with religious groups? Spiritual struggles and suicide in veterans seeking PTSD treatment. In R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds. have their paymasters too. The past decade has witnessed a sharp increase in violent sectarian or religious tensions. set of factors come to the foreground. exist, not as we would like them to be. What about the dilemmas what will be lost. 8.We consider it to be low salience if the alliance includes at least one actor without explicit religious demands, and thus, we do not focus on the proportion of groups or the size of the groups. 315330). In E. Frick & T. Roser (Eds. help to prevent violencenot just to In cases where further evidence has been deemed necessary to code the religious dimensions, additional case-specific information, such as books, reports, and journal articles, have been consulted. There are five related publicly available data sets on religious conflicts, which have made significant contributions to the research field on religious conflicts. In the Is religion a power for peace or does it cause conflict? - KS3 - BBC Debates about religion and violence have raged for years and The RELAC data set builds on the Svensson (2007) data but has a wider scope both in terms of the religious dimensions covered and its temporal reach. A glance at the daily news confirms that religion is regularly complicit in violence. But some donor governments and international organisations II A Century of War Religion can be an effective source of peace in motivating believers toward tolerance and peaceful acceptance of others. Most notorious among them were the Roman conquests, Muslim invasions and Spanish invasions in Asia, Europe, Africa and Latin America. 11.We rely on Clarify for the predicted probabilities (Tomz, Wittenberg, and King 2003). Spiritual transformation among veterans in response to a religious/spiritual struggle. We do this in three different ways: (1) we show how conceptualizations focusing on identities and incompatibilities, as well as the combination thereof, can shed light on how religious conflicts have shifted in character over time, (2) we illustrate how the disaggregation of claims, here focusing on Islamist claims, can facilitate a more nuanced understanding of religious conflict, and (3) we revisit the relationship between religious issues and the deadliness of conflict and find that there is great variation within the category of groups fighting over Islamist claims concerning the lethality of such conflicts. Historian Scott Appleby says that religion has an ability to sustain cycles of violence beyond the point of rational calculation and enlightened self-interest. The approach to Our focus on the armed conflict between the government and the rebels means that we are not studying other forms of organized violence that may have religious motivations, for example, interstate conflicts, attacks by different types of militias, violence between communal groups, or one-sided attacks against civilians. 2008. Some of them argue that religion is a source of conflict because it has an inherent tendency to promote violence. It is important to emphasize that the stated positions by the conflict actors often are different from the parties underlying interests (Fisher and Ury 1981; Rubin, Pruitt, and Kim 1994). This article introduces the Religion and Armed Conflict (RELAC) data, 1975 to 2015, which is a new data set suitable for analyzing the causes, dynamics, and resolution of religious conflicts. Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality. Religious conflict has a long history and it characterizes several groups today. Freud, S. (1927). Religious freedom is at risk in probably more than half of the 193 member-countries of the United Nations. Second, there is a large body of scholarly work that has focused primarily onprovoked or inspired byHuntingtons (1993, 1996) predictions, examining whether conflicts following religiouscivilizational cleavages are indeed different than other types of conflicts, for example, in terms of propensity for escalation, or frequency in onset (Chiozza 2002; Fox 2001, 2004a; Huntington 1993, 1996; Roeder 2003; Russett, Oneal, and Cox 2000). clear in Syria, the international community doesnt always welcome warning calls In line with previous research, we find that conflicts fought over a religious issue are more likely to reach above the threshold of 1,000 battle-related deaths in a year (see model 1, Table 2). Let us end by briefly pointing to a number of such important research endeavors, which may now be possible to pursue with the help of RELAC. Paloutzian, R. F., & Park, C. L. PubMed Cultural diversity in perceptions of right and wrong might differ in areas where the right answer is not always obvious. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. , Is There a Clash of Civilizations? 3.Similarly, the data on religious conflicts presented in Svensson (2012) cover fewer dimensions of religious conflicts than we do here, and while the data set does have a similar temporal coverage, it is not in the public domain. , Clash of Civilisations, or Realism and Liberalism Dj Vu? 2016. Exline, J. J., & Rose, E. D. (2013). Religion. Religious conflict | World Problems & Global Issues | The Encyclopedia He refutes the notion that argues religion having so often inspired, legitimized, and exacerbated deadly conflicts cannot be expected to contribute to peaceful resolution. We conclude by offering some suggestions for how the RELAC data can be used to expand our knowledge on religious conflicts. But the pastoral support that faith groups can As regards secularist claims, we distinguish between two types. . Much war and death has emerged from these conflicts. Encourage employees to accept differences. In sum, the UCDP thus collects their data based on a wide range of sources; carefully and systematically codes this wide range of information, while employing a stringent set of definitions.4 Given that the UCDP follows such a stringent coding protocol and since the warring actors and the nature of the incompatibility are of central importance in the data collection on armed conflicts, we are confident in relying on this information for our coding. Some Evidence, Explaining Religious Terrorism: A Data-mined Analysis, Cross-cuttingness, Cleavage Structures and Civil War Onset, Fighting with Faith: Religion and Conflict Resolution in Civil Wars, Ending Holy Wars: Religion and Conflict Resolution in Civil Wars, Conceptualizing the Religious Dimensions of Armed Conflicts: A Response to Shrouded: Islam, War, and Holy War in Southeast Asia, Issue Indivisibility and Time Horizons as Rationalist Explanations for War, Getting Religion? Christianity between new spirituality and forgotten god]. Series: 5 Ways to Stop Religious Conflict - BahaiTeachings.org 10.Or alternatively, there is a decrease in the onset of such conflicts. Wars are never simple, and neither are religious Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 11(3), 291296 https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000189. Providing clearly written policies and processes ensuring both acknowledged and adhered to, which ensures transparency and ethical business practices are applied. He espouses the theory that religion is a central feature of human life. Employees must take some responsibility for managing conflicts between work and their faith. While there are important exceptions, previous conflict research predominantly focuses on material factors, such as institutions, the capabilities of actors in conflict, the number and size of groups, and the political or economic structure of the state, when analyzing civil wars. Millions of people died in such wars, and entire nations were wiped out. bug in the system. Dentist | Healthcare Data Science | Information Management | Digital Transformation & Integration | Healthcare Quality Management | MSc Operations Research | Applied Statistics(FGSSR) | DTQM( AICPD). Hijacking a car, they Credit: Laura Payne. Violence is not something alien to religion. Please check individual images for licensing details. Clarity goes a very long way to avoid problems. Avoiding ethical issues in business always starts with top management. responsible to account. Free Exercise and the Legislative and Executive Branches controls. An empirical examination of religious/spiritual struggle among Israeli Jews. A., Pargament, K. I., Exline, J. J., Barrera, T. L., & Teng, E. J. people, virtually all of them Palestinian Muslims. , Dyadic Dimensions of Armed Conflict, 1946-2007, The Two Swords ReligionState Connections and Interstate Disputes, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, Sacred Violence or Strategic Faith? The focus is on all government-rebel dyads in armed conflicts above the twenty-five battle-related deaths threshold during the period 1975 to 2015. these groups have had a hand in exacerbating violence, directly or indirectly. ), Judeo-Christian perspectives on psychology: Human nature, motivation, and change (pp. RELAC should be a valuable resource for scholars, examining religious dimensions of intrastate armed conflicts. Comprised of men and women, young and old, from different religious and Predictors of growth from spiritual struggle among Christian undergraduates: Religious coping and perceptions of helpful action by god are both important. Religion, Civil War, and Prospects for Peace. Best Practices for Eradicating Religious Discrimination in the Second, the strategy of fostering economic development, especially as it benefits the poor and the marginalized in any religious society. Second, the data set also provides more fine-grained information about several religious dimensions of conflict: it codes the salience of the religious claim and also provides details about the type of claim that is made; that is, specifying in what way the insurgents are demanding a greater or different role for religion in the society or in the state. 437456). Next, we present some trends and patterns in the data, which help shed new light on various religious dimensions of conflicts. Fourth, Isaacss (2016) data set focuses on the relationship between violence and religious rhetoric over time at the level of the ethnic group. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. 2016. 1Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. Another group in Jos organises local peace committees. Employees should stay informed on the rules that impact their industry, and ensure their organization is acting in compliance with those regulations & maintain transparency and honesty in their reports. For example, the few conflicts dyads in the Americas concern the conflict between the US government and Al-Qaida. 2015. political creeds and backgrounds, these committees are the eyes and ears of groups have been accused of failing to bear witness, Put away the scriptures and follow justice, The best kept secret of the Catholic Churchits social teachings, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International licence. Stumbling blocks on the religious road. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-020-00900-x, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-020-00900-x. Stage 1: Disavowal of Violence Our first stage involves the d isavowal of violence. Types of Islamist claims: Trends over time, 19752015. provide and their closeness to people at lifes most important moments mean been convicted as gnocidaires, and church We can note that in total during this period, there have been eighty-one conflict dyads where the claim has high salience, whereas only twenty-seven conflict dyads are over low salience. (2015). In M. Brocker (Ed. And sometimes, as with non-faith based organisations, it is Religious and spiritual struggles as concerns for health and well-being. Leipzig: Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag. The RELAC data facilitate an analysis of such dynamics. The importance of relationship comes into focus. The tortoise can overtake the hare. Whereas many associate religious conflict with the Middle East, in fact, it is only the third most frequent region in terms of the distribution of conflicts fought over a religious issue. (2014). Today we see such intractable inter-religious wars between Muslims and Jews in Palestine, Hindus and Muslims in south Asia and in many other places. As is peace and violence are examined through a faith-based lens, a different set of Workplace ethics is not for employees alone. 459475). Klein, C., Berth, H., & Balck, F. Resistance Army in Central Africa. 1994. ), Semantics and psychology of spirituality: A cross-cultural analysis (pp. Note that there was a nontrivial drop in these conflicts 2008 to 2010, but that they have increased again after that, especially in the last few years. In addition, we code Evangelist claims, meaning the groups that would like to see an increased role of Christianity in the society or the state.7 Lastly, in the category Other religious claims, we include those claims that are of religious nature but which do not correspond to any of the three categories mentioned above, that is, the claims made by the Sikh insurgents in the Punjab/Khalistan conflict in India. The Big Picture Crowdsource Innovation Roles of Religion Religious violence is undergoing a revival. Why religion triggers conflicts and fights? - Everyday life of a Protestant Religion in the workplace is not a new concept, and much of the law surrounding it centers on employers treating workers unfairly simply because they practice a . Religious Rage: A Quantative Analysis of the Intensity of Armed Conflicts, Is Islamist Terrorism More Dangerous? Employers / Managers are also bound to workplace ethics and may also be tried for unethical behavior. One paradoxical question keeps arising: Why is religion often a source of violence? Through the use of the RELAC data, we can also show that different types of claims come with different empirical trajectories over time; for instance, conflicts where Islamist rebel groups harbor transnational aspirations are becoming more prevalent. Various words such as rage, passion and fanaticism are often tossed around to describe the mental state of religious actors driven to conflict and violence. Email: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (, internal armed conflict, civil wars, religion, Islamist conflicts, Barter Shane Joshua, Zatkin-Osburn Ian. counts the costs of conflict with communities, bringing home how destructive it Is it because it acts absolutely, behaves divisively, and is insufficiently rational? When trigger points are hit the committees can take action Employees should always make the request . I hold out my stole and everyone holds [a part of When expanded it provides a list of search options that will switch the search inputs to match the current selection. Struggle with the divine in Swiss patients visited by chaplains: Prevalence and correlates. circumstances. As we have seen, the category of armed conflicts including actors with Islamist claims represents an overwhelming majority of all religiously defined conflicts. PubMedGoogle Scholar. They sponsor election-monitoring 245268). (2017). It is looking worse than it has for many years. institutions. Accessibility of secularity. Ethical conflicts arise when the practices of a business as a whole or of individual employees involve behaviors that some may find unacceptable, confronted with a collision between general belief systems about morality, ethics or justice and their own personal situations. This is conflict prevention on a Does negative religious coping accompany, precede, or follow depression among orthodox Jews? Religious violence is on the rise. What can faith-based communities do Second, we capture Separatist Islamist claims, where the insurgents also have stated explicit Islamist aspirations, but where the claims are territorially confined and thus concern how a specific territory should be governed, rather than the rule of the whole state. Note: For all group names, see our data set. Wiederkehr der Religion? Department of Spiritual Care, Psychology of Religion, and Religious Education, Faculty of Theology, Institute of Practical Theology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, You can also search for this author in How to Resolve Cultural Conflict: Overcoming Cultural Barriers at the Zarzycka, B. Such conflict is harmful to the overall credibility of religion and may cause religious apathy or disintegration. Third, the data by Gleditsch and Rudolfsen (2016) identify insurgent groups with Islamist ideologies in armed conflicts over a long time period, utilizing conflict data from the UCDP. Merritt HeraldBox 9 2090 Granite AvenueMerritt, BC V1K 1B8, View our Privacy Policy | View our Terms of Use, Charges laid against former BC Liberal staffers, B.C. Die Zukunft einer Illusion [the future of an illusion]. the law of the land, but they are now brothers and sisters again.. Gesundheit, Religion, Spiritualitt. For all their readiness to build technocratic prevention Unauthorized distribution, transmission or republication strictly prohibited. Homolka, S. J. Exploring trends over time, conflicts where the belligerents on each side of the fault lines come from different religious faith traditions experience a slight increase after the end of the Cold War, as shown in Figure 4. Moreover, future research can take the RELAC data on religious issues and identities as a starting point for collecting additional information on temporal variations over time. Heine, S. (2005). Since we use this source to code religious dimensions of the armed conflicts, it becomes important to clearly lay out UCDPs data collection procedures. their towns and villages. organize in advance of it is rarer still. Conflicts normally have their causal factors firmly embedded in the material simply being a local, permanent, trusted presence that bequeaths legitimacy and This includes BBC monitoring, which in turn contains information from local newspapers and broadcasts, and at least one of the more general sources, that is, AFP, Reuters, Xinhua, or Agencia EFE. Raines, A. M., Currier, J., McManus, E. S., Walton, J. L., Uddo, M., & Franklin, C. L. (2017). A glance at the daily news confirms that religion is B., Pargament, K. I., & Exline, J. J. Hence, there is little in the empirical data that can support the notion that we are gradually moving toward a clash of civilizations.. Cleveland: Case Western Reserve University https://etd.ohiolink.edu/. These eight major military expeditions originated in Western Europe between 1096 and 1270 . 317). Religion, spirituality, and psychological crisis. Readers discuss ordaining women, separation of church and state, and Christian nationalism. This article begins by describing the previous data collection efforts on religious conflicts and then goes on to outline the specific contributions of the RELAC data and why a new data set is needed.
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